Synthesis Matrix/Critical Appraisal
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1E4urK7VjduAHcn-GhpqJ6AKF8N6h0DLIorXjPlGay1M/edit

Research Journal #3 

 1.) List the source in APA

 Caban. M (2016). Analytical Techniques for Determining Pharmaceutical Residues in Drinking Water - State of Art and Future Prospects. 10.2174/1573411012666151009194149

 (Participatory action)

 This source is relevant to my research question because we are able to see in depth what the issues are with certain water impurities. And what future programs are being planned to purify drinking water in third world countries. It will allow us to see what the first steps are in creating better and safer drinking water. Allowing us to check progress and estimate the completion of current water purification projects.

2.)

 List the source in APA Wasonga, J. (2016). Sociocultural Determinants to Adoption of Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Nyakach, Kisumu County, Kenya: A Descriptive Qualitative Study, Journal of Anthropology. doi.10.1155/2016/7434328

 (RCT)

 This research study is relevant to my research question because it takes into the account multiple water sources. The locals acquire their water from water holes, wells, and bought water. Although the water is treated when used for drinking it is not when used for cooking or vegetation. Also the water remains untreated when given to the livestock. This article helped me see that perhaps using untreated water for vegetation practices could be infusing the their food with impurities, as well as the livestock. What I found interesting was that the only treated water was used for drinking. All water used for growing vegetables was untreated, I found that being a health hazard. 3.) Cook, J., P. Kimuyu, and D. Whittington (2016), The costs of coping with poor water supply in rural Kenya, Water Resour. Res., 52, 841–859, doi:10.1002/2015WR017468. (Research) This type of source is relevant because it's giving us specific use of the locals primary water source and where it comes from. Allowing us to investigate these primary water sources and determine their purification levels. In addition it's telling us how frequently these water sources are being used for human consumption. The results will be used to help determine the percent of the population being affected by the water impurities. What I found most interesting was the percent of the population relied on one another. The researchers said nearly 40% of the individuals they studied used their neighbors well water. 4.) Hadley, C., & Wutich, A. (2009). Experience-based measures of food and water security: Biocultural approaches to grounded measures of insecurity. Human Organization, 68(4), 451-460. Retrieved from http://unr.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/201173966?accountid=452 (Cross Sectional) Due to my findings of this article I decided to change my research question. My initial research question was what are the negative effects of water impurities in third world countries. Changing it to "Water scarcity in third would countries and it's burden put on first time parents". This topic will allow me to investigate more specific problems to water impurities, while still allowing me to investigate water impurities in relation to their chemical balance. This source will be used to help understand the different insecurities locals of third world countries have, when knowing their family will have a shortage of water. It was very interesting to see the woman/mother of the families were more insecure about the scarcity of water even when the father stayed at home to take care of the family. In all cases it was the woman's responsibility to ensure their family received a adequate water supply. 5.) Bennett, R (2013). Household Members’ Migration and theEducation of Children ‘Left Behind’:Empirical Findings from Tajikistan and Reflections for Research Practice. Population space and place Page: 1-14. DOI: 10.1002/psp.1698 (Mixed Methods) This method is relevant to my research question because it allows us to take a look at the different causes that could be contributed to parental discord. This will be used in my literature review because showing how a child living in a third world country will rely solely on its parents to provide for him or her, if not given some sort of education. Thus relying on it's parents to provided clean water and suitable living conditions. It was interesting to read that Tajikistan is one of the most undeveloped countries in the world.

Study Method #1 

1.) How do you reference this journal in an APA work cited?

Anthony. J (2007). Drinking Water for the Third World: Problems and Prospects in a Medium-Sized City. Journal of the American Planing Association 223-237.

 2.) What method is being used?

Cross Sectional

 3.) How do the authors use the method? What do they use it for? What specifically does the method enable them to do? Why did they choose this method rather than another? What was it about this research agenda/topic that led them to choose this particular method? Answer a handful of these. They all get at similar thing. But I want blocks of texts.

 This research study is being done in North East India in Imphal; a third world urban area. The researchers went door to door asking the locals to fill out a simple questionnaire. They didn't limit their demographic to a certain residential area, it was vastly spread out. They compiled questionnaires from a large amount of the population ranging in different socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. This method allowed them to see what the primary water source was for certain area's. And if the primary water source provided a adequate water supply. This method was best used because it allowed the researchers to gather information from the direct source instead of observing or investigating over time.

  4.) What is the conclusion of the study? And how did the method enable them to reach that particular conclusion?

All in all there was not a sufficient water supply. The main sources were piped water, private ponds, neighborhood ponds, tubewells and handpumps, water tankers, water trolleys, and rainwater harvesting, with most households using more than one source. The water supply was inconsistent with impurities, residents were uncertain when they would be able to use their piped water. They were able to discover this due to the specific questions on the questionnaire. Asking for written responses to what water supply they used and how they used it.

  5.)What was one interesting thing you discovered by leafing through this article?

 The one thing that resonated the most with me was the level of difficulty the residents of Imphal have just to get water. Not to mention quality water, it's a daily struggle. Most of their income went to acquiring water.

 Study Method #2 

 1.)How do you reference this journal in an APA work cited?

Diduch, M (2013). Factors Affecting the Quality of Bottled Water.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 23.2, PG 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.101

2.) What method is being used?

Cross Sectional

3.)How do the authors use the method? What do they use it for? What specifically does the method enable them to do? Why did they choose this method rather than another? What was it about this research agenda/topic that led them to choose this particular method? Answer a handful of these. They all get at similar thing. But I want blocks of texts. 

The researchers are taking samples of bottled water that are made from all around the globe. And testing this water for its different level of impurities. After testing for the level of impurities the sample is then traced back to its origin. Whether it be from well sources, underground aquifers, rainfall etc. After tracing the water samples back to their origin, potential water contaminants are considered such as transportation or packaging methods. Case control was used due to the wide variety of water being tested from various origins. They gathered data from all around the world to determine their exposure and chemical balance. Having a wide variety of testing samples called for a method that was meant for multiple different samples.

 4.) What is the conclusion of the study? And how did the method enable them to reach that particular conclusion?

The conclusion of this study was quite vast. However the main take away from this article was that water with fewer amounts of organic components the better. It is ever so easily for certain pollutants to affect purity of water. Such as oil run off, urination, or pesticides. Although the level of impurities varies from nation to nation.

 5.)What was one interesting thing you discovered by leafing through this article?

 What I found most interesting about this study was the inconsistency of water impurities from different water sources around the world. The area from which the water originated and what environments it was exposed to, to get to its final location. Changed the chemical balance significantly. Find out where your drinking water is coming from!

Study Method #3 

 1.) How do you reference this journal in an APA work cited?

Suthar, S. Environ Monit Assess (2011). Contaminated drinking water and rural health perspectives in Rajasthan, India: an overview of recent case studies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment pg 837-849, doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1427-2

2.) What method is being used?

Case Control

 3.) How do the authors use the method? What do they use it for? What specifically does the method enable them to do? Why did they choose this method rather than another? What was it about this research agenda/topic that led them to choose this particular method? Answer a handful of these. They all get at similar thing. But I want blocks of texts.

This method is used from gathering soil/water samples from different parts of the region. The researchers tested the soil/water samples for their specific level of Nitrate. Using the case control method they were able to gauge which parts of the area were under sever pollution threats. Thus finding the possible factors that could be leading to Nitrate enriched soil/water. This method was most logical to use because of the large amount of area's they were testing.

4.)What is the conclusion of the study? And how did the method enable them to reach that particular conclusion?

 The conclusion of this study was that the drinking water quality in the rural part of northern Rajasthan, India is unsuitable if residents are drinking the water in large amounts. The case control method gave them enough supporting evidence to prove the high level of nitrate in the soil/water was unsuitable for continued human consumption.

 5.)What was one interesting thing you discovered by leafing through this article?

 What I found interesting was that the consumption of this nitrate rich water had the most detrimental affect on young children. If continuously consumed the nitrate enriched water can cause Methemoglobinemia which is a blood disorder. Causing brain dysfunction, seizures, and discoloring in the skin.

  Study Method #4

1.)How do you reference this journal in an APA work cited?

 Sukkasi, S (2015). Improving the efficacy of solar water disinfection by incremental design innovation, ProQuest pg 2013-2027.

 2.) What method is being used?

 Research

 3.) How do the authors use the method? What do they use it for? What specifically does the method enable them to do? Why did they choose this method rather than another? What was it about this research agenda/topic that led them to choose this particular method? Answer a handful of these. They all get at similar thing. But I want blocks of texts.

The researchers test this method by first gathering certain water samples in clear containers with known water impurities. While applying direct sunlight to container with certain weather conditions. The research was to see if the direct sunlight to the bottle would eliminate any pathogens in the water. This research method allows them to test for different scenarios; cloudy days, sunny days etc. To find if the sunlight truly has a positive affect in eliminating any pathogens.

 4.)What is the conclusion of the study? And how did the method enable them to reach that particular conclusion?

The conclusion was that the sunlight did eliminate some pathogens residing in the water. However, there was a significant difference in the water impurities when the temperature outside was warmer; fifty degrees or warmer. The temperature affected the amount of pathogens in the water. Proving the point that if direct sunlight hits water for longer than six hours, pathogens within the water can be eliminated.

 5.) What was one interesting thing you discovered by leafing through this article?

 I grew up believing the complete opposite of this study. I was brought up to believe that if water was left inside a clear container with direct sunlight hitting it, it then can become contaminated. Although, it is quite the opposite.

Research Topic:  Third world countries and the negative health effects of water impurities on the local population. New Research Question: Water scarcity in third would countries and it's burden put on first time parents